Taxes and Tensions

The French and Indian War led to the colonial movement for independence in a few ways. The end of the French and Indian War caused an enormous outburst of pride from the British and the colonies because they had defeated the French and the Indians and created a worldwide empire. The fact that the worldwide empire was created is important because the British had more land to deal with, and things such as the Tea Act were put in place to help other parts of the empire. The war also created many expenses for Britain, and that led to the taxes that were placed on the colonies which eventually led to the colonial movement for independence. The French and Indian War also helped forge the Americans identity. They fought together, and they started to get a spirit of independence about them.

The Sugar Act was passed in 1764. The British placed a tax on sugar, wine, and other important things. Pretty much every form of sugar was taxed, including molasses. The British needed more money to provide security for the colonies. The British also thought that this would force the colonists to sell their goods to Britain instead of selling to other countries. This made the colonists angry. The colonists boycotted the taxed products, and at times smuggled them, as a response the Sugar Act. Britain repealed the Sugar Act in 1766.

The Stamp Act placed a tax on pretty much any piece of paper. These things included documents, newspapers, letters, and other things like that. The colonists had protests in the streets, tarred and feathered tax collectors, boycotted, and did other things including the formation of the Sons of Liberty. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 by the Declaratory Act.

The Declaratory Act repealed the Stamp Act. It pretty much told the colonists that Britain was repealing its current taxes, but anytime that they wanted or needed to tax the colonies, they could. The colonists responded by interpreting what the Declaratory Act said so that it meant that Britain did not have the power to tax the colonies. Britain didn't really have a response because all they did was repeal the Stamp Act and tell the colonies that they can still be taxed. The Townshend Duties could be considered a response by Britain.

The Townshend Duties placed taxes on colonial imports of lead, glass, paper, and tea. This lead to several protests and boycotts. Some people tried to get things accomplished in the legal system. The Boston Massacre occurred because of protests of the Townshend Duties. The British response was the repeal of the Townshend Duties on the same day as the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770.

The Tea Act was put in place in order to sell more tea from the East India Company. The tea was sold at bargain price, but the leaders in America believed that this act was a maneuver to buy popular support for the taxes already in force. The direct sale of tea, by British agents, also undercut the business of local merchants. The colonists responded by boycotting and doing the things that they had done before, but this time, some colonists dressed Indians and went onto a ship and dumped several barrels of tea into the Boston Harbor. The response by Britain was the Intolerable Acts, which closed down the Boston Harbor and put the Quartering Act in place, among several other things that were very unpleasing to the colonists.

In conclusion, the American Revolution is almost undoubtedly the most important event in history. These events led to it. The French and Indian War pretty much put everything into motion. Britain needed money, so they taxed the colonies. One act led to another, and the responses of both sides eventually led to the American Revolution.

Governance of The Colonies

Privy Council- A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on affairs of state

Parliament- A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom. The name is derived from the French parlement, the action of parler (to speak): a parlement is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which such a discussion took place. It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for the body of people (in an institutional sense) who would meet to discuss matters of state.

bicameral legislature- is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses.

House of Burgesses- the first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America. Its first meeting was held in Jamestown, Virginia, on July 30, 1619.

town meetings- is a form of direct democratic rule, used primarily in portions of the United States since the 17th century, in which most or all the members of a community come together to legislate policy and budgets for local government.

John Peter Zenger - was a German-American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City. He was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence that determined that truth was a defense against charges of libel and "laid the foundation for American press freedom

libel- is a false, malicious statement published in mainstream media (i.e. on the internet, in a magazine, etc.). (If the defamatory statements are only spoken, they are called "slander".) It is somewhat synonymous to defamation

Dominion of New England- was an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. present-day Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey

Edmund Andros- was an English colonial administrator in North America. Andros was known most notably for his governorship of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence.

The Glorious Revolution- is the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.
English Bill of Rights - It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of sovereign and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law".

Current event pg.2

South Sudan Becomes a Nation (July 9): After more than 50 years of struggle, the Republic of South Sudan declares its independence and becomes Africa's 54th state. Thousands celebrate in the streets of South Sudan's capital, Juba. Salva Kiir, South Sudan's president, signs the interim Constitution.
Two Related Terrorist Attacks Shock Norway (July 22): Norway is hit with consecutive terrorist attacks. First, a bomb explodes in Regjeringskvartalet, the government quarter of Oslo. The explosion happens right outside the prime minister's office, killing eight people and wounding several others. Two hours later, a gunman disguised as a policeman opens fire at a camp for young political activists on the island of Utoya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp is organized by the youth organization of the Norwegian Labour Party. The gunman kills 68 campers, including personal friends of Prime Minister Stoltenberg. Police arrest Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian who has been linked to an anti-Islamic group and may be connected to other terrorist groups and extremists.
    
Crackdown Continues in Syria (Aug. 1): For the second day in a row, the uprising against President Assad's government is met with bombing attacks by Syrian forces in the west-central city, Hama. (Aug. 3): Despite global condemnation, the Syrian government orders its military to march into Hama after three days of bombing. Tanks and soldiers seize the central square. Even Russia, a Syrian ally, gives its support to possible Security Council Action against Syria. (Aug. 4): Syrian military kill more than 100 people in 24 hours in Hama, bringing the civilian casualties to more than 200 since the bombing began. (Aug. 7): Still ignoring international condemnation, the military in Syria initiate another attack, this time in the eastern city of Deir al-Zour. Thousands of people flee and dozens are killed as tanks roar into the city. Hama and Deir al-Zour have been the setting for mass protests in recent weeks and have been the most defiant in the uprising. (Aug. 15): The Syrian government sends navy vessels along with tanks and soldiers to the port city of Latakia. At least 25 people are killed, including three children. The attack sparks renewed outrage, partly because they occur during Ramadan, the Muslim holy month. (Aug. 18): Britain, France, and Germany release a joint statement stating that President Assad has lost legitimacy as a leader and that he must step down. For the first time, President Obama calls for Assad to leave office. Obama also announces new sanctions against Syria including freezing all Syrian assets. (Aug. 22): President Assad says American and European calls for him to step down are "meaningless" and suggests that the military in Syria will continue its crackdown. (Aug. 26): Inspired by the fall of Col. Muammar Qaddafi in Libya, thousands of protestors take to the streets in Syria, demanding that President Assad leave. Security forces continue to fight the protestors, including severely beating Ali Farzat, Syria's best-known political cartoonist. The attack on him comes just days after Farzat published a cartoon showing President Assad hitching a ride out of town with Qaddafi.
     
Violent Riots Spread Throughout Britain (Aug. 6): A protest over the police shooting of Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old local man, turns violent. Rioters with makeshift weapons fight police in Tottenham and set fire to two police cars and several buildings. (Aug. 8): Over two days, riots breakout in Enfield, Lambeth, Camden, Walthamstow, Oxford Circus and Islington. Rioters smash storefronts and burn cars. Two officers are hit by a car in Walthamstow. (Aug. 9): Several hundred rioters burn cars and fight with police in several London neighborhoods. A man in south London is shot and killed, becoming the first fatality in the riots. (Aug. 10): Ten thousand police officers patrol London. Residents are strongly advised to stay home and businesses close early. Prime Minister David Cameron pledges in a speech to "fight back" against the rioters, describing them as "groups of thugs."
      
Protesters Attack Israeli Embassy in Cairo (Sept. 9): Thousands of protestors attack the Israeli Embassy in Cairo, demolishing a protective wall while Egyptian security forces watched. Two dozen protestors break into the offices and throw documents into the street. The Israeli flag is ripped down. When riot police attempt to stop the attack, protesters fight back with Molotov cocktails and stones. At least two protestors die in the attack and at least 1,200 are injured. The attack in Egypt comes just one week after Turkey expels Israel's ambassador.


American Hikers Released From Prison in Iran (Sept. 21): Shane Bauer and Joshua Fattal, the two American hikers who were imprisoned on espionage charges in Iran for over two years, are released. They are taken by plane from Evin Prison to Oman where they are reunited with family members. Their release comes after a power struggle between Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad who promised their release and Iran's judiciary which denied that the hikers would be freed. Bauer and Fattal have been in prison since they wandered over the border from Iraq by mistake with a friend over two years ago.

Alleged Assassination Plot Is Exposed (Oct. 11): U.S. Attorney general Eric H. Holder announces from Washington that the Quds Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps paid assassins from a Mexican drug cartel $1.5 million to kill Adel al-Jubeir, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United States. The main suspects are Mansour J. Arbabsiar, an American citizen of Iranian descent who is in custody, and Gholam Shakuri, a member of the Quds Force, who is at large and is believed to be in Iran. American investigators believe that high-ranking Iranian government officials are responsible for the plot.


Prisoner Swap Between Israel and Hamas Begins (Oct. 18): Gilad Shalit, a twenty-five year old Israeli soldier, is released after being held for more than five years by Hamas, a militant Palestinian group. He is exchanged for one thousand Palestinians who have spent years in Israeli jails. Shalit has been held in Gaza since Palestinian militants kidnapped him in 2006. In a televised address following Shalit's release, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu says, "Today we are all united in joy and in pain."

Greek Leader Calls off Referendum, Agrees to Resign (Nov. 3): Prime Minister George Papandreou calls off a referendum on Greece's new debt deal with the euro zone just days after calling for one. Papandreou calls off the vote after winning support from his opposition. (Nov. 4): Papandreou wins a confidence vote in Parliament after he pledges to form a unity government. The vote is a sign of approval for the deal reached by European leaders in late October to help Greece avoid default and stabilize the euro. (Nov. 6): Papandreou agrees to create a transitional administration which will manage the country's debt-relief deal and to resign after the country holds early elections.


Italy Passes More Austerity Measures, Berlusconi Steps Down (Nov. 11): Italy's Senate passes another round of austerity measures. Italy has no other option with its economy too big for a bail out and no end in sight for its debt crisis. (Nov. 12): Berlusconi, who has somehow managed to weather political and personal scandals that would have ended most political careers, steps down. Mario Monti, an economist and former antitrust commissioner for the European Commission, takes over, leading a cabinet of technocrats to implement the austerity plan

Parliamentary Elections Spark Massive Protests in Russia (Dec. 4): Parliamentary elections spark protests, mainly from middle-class Russians. International and local monitors condemn the election as fraudulent. United Russia, the party led by Vladimir Putin, comes out on top in the elections, receiving nearly 50 percent of the vote, but they lost 77 seats. Monitors say that United Russia would have lost more seats were it not for ballot-box stuffing and voting irregularities. For example, videos, some taken with cellphones, surfaced on the internet showing local authorities threatening subordinates at polling stations. (Dec. 10): Over 40,000 Russians rally near the Kremlin. It is the largest anti-Kremlin protest since the early 1990s and is approved by city authorities, although riot police are on hand. The activists call for Putin's resignation and denounce the election results. Putin accuses the United States, singling out Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, for instigating the demonstrations when she criticized conduct during the parliamentary elections. (Dec. 12): Billionaire industrialist Mikhail D. Porkhorov announces that he plans to run for president against Putin in 2012. Porkhorov owns many businesses in Russia as well as the New Jersey Nets, the NBA franchise, in the United States. In his announcement, Porkhorov says, "I made a decision, probably the most serious decision in my life: I am going to the presidential election." Many observers question if Porkhorov is truly challenging Putin or if he has Putin's approval to run to create an air of legitimacy to the race.


European Leaders Call for Changes to Treaty (Dec. 5): Together German Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Nicolas Sarkozy of France make a joint call for Europe's governing treaties to be amended in order to provide better governance on the economic policies of the 17 countries within the euro zone. The proposed amendments include monthly meetings of all European leaders, automatic penalties for nations that exceed deficit limits, and a creation of a European monetary fund.

Significant Events of 2011

      In 2011 much happened. Our world changed as we know it, although we don't realize it every day. Everything that happened in 2011 shaped our world to be the way it is.
     In January, a few important things happened. First of all Estonia joined the Eurozone, which helped lead up to the fall of the Euro. Also, in January there was a bombing in Moscow, Russia that killed 37 people and injured 180 people. It happened January 24 and devastated the world.
     Starting in Feburary Hosni Mubarak resigned after the widespread protests in Egypt. This lead to the military controlling Egypt completely. Also uncertainty over Libyan oil output causes crude oil prices to rise 20% over a two-week period following the Arab Spring, causing the 2011 energy crisis.
      For March,  A 9.1-magnitude hit the east of Japan, killing 15,840 and leaving another 3,926 missing. Tsunami warnings are issued in 50 countries and territories. Emergencys are declared at four nuclear power plants affected by the quake. There was a lot of talk about this, and it was a pretty big deal.  Arab Spring and the Libyan civil war: In light of continuing attacks on Libyan rebels by forces in support of leader Muammar Gaddafi, military intervention authorized under UNSCR 1973 begins as French fighter jets make reconnaissance flights over Libya.
     All I'm going to say for the month of April is: New reports state Kim Jong-il has died of fatigue. Except in North Korea where articles say he died "of being too awesome."
     May is the month of which U.S. President Barack Obama announces that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of the militant group Al-Qaeda, has been killed during an American military operation in Pakistan. The European Union agree to €78 billion rescue deal for Portugal. The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Stabalisation Mechanism, the European Finacial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund.
     June may or may not be the month in which Chile's Puyehue volcano erupts, causing air traffic cancellations across South America, New Zealand, Australia and forcing over 3,000 people to evacuate. Arab Spring: Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh travels to Saudi Arabia for treatment of an injury sustained during an attack on the presidential palace. Protesters celebrate his transfer of power to his Vice-President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi.

The Monroe Doctrine

     The Monroe Doctrine was written by James Monroe. It has basically two points. Firstly, it proclaimed that the era of colinization in the Americas was finished. It says that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. Secondly, it stated that the United States would not interfere with any current European countires in North or South America. Also, it said that they would not interdere with foreign affairs with any European country.

Marbury vs. Madison

     John Marshall was appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. The Judiciary Act of 1801, one of the final laws passed by Adams and the Federalist-controlled Congress, created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. The appointment of these “midnight judges” enraged Republicans.The Republican-dominated Congress fought back by repealing the Judiciary Act of 1801. When Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver a commission to William Marbury, one of Adams’s midnight appointees, Marbury sued for its delivery. The case of Marbury v. Madison went to the Supreme Court, which was led by John Marshall, the Federalists’ most powerful member and Jefferson’s distant cousin.
      The Court’s unanimous opinion, which was written by Chief Justice Marshall, stated that Marbury deserved his commission, but the Court had no jurisdiction in the case. Marshall then ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which dealt with the authority of the Supreme Court, was unconstitutional. With his decision, Marshall answered the controversial question regarding who had the authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution. Marshall created the precedent of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to rule a federal law unconstitutional and impose its will on the states.

The 4th Amendment

     The 4th Amendment is a part of the Bill of Rights that protects your right to be searched without a warrant. No warrants can be issued without probable cause of illicit activities. One case of this is Bond v. The United States. Bond was suspected of possessing and distributing methamphetamine. A warrant was issued and he was convicted of this crime after finding evidence in his home. Another example of a case that is related to the 4th Amendment is Kyllo v. The United States. He was suspected of growing marijuana in his home. They used a spectral imaging device in order to search his home. They found evidence of this and he was eventually convicted of his crimes after much fighting. The 4th Amendment is a vital part to much of how the government deliberates on certain cases.